University of Central Florida (UCF) PCB3233 Immunology Exam 2 Practice Test

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• What is class switch recombination and what enzyme mediates it?
• What is the role of cytokine IL-10 in immune regulation?
• Which immunoglobulin isotype predominates in mucosal immunity?
• What is the role of Fc receptors in immune complex handling?
• Which T cell subset primarily recognizes peptides presented by MHC class I molecules?
• True or False: The removal of DNA during CSR is reversible?
• What is another widely used name for neutrophils?
• Which component is primarily responsible for opsonization in the complement system?
• Which statement is true about CRP in relation to innate immunity?
• Which cytokine is commonly produced by NK cells during early innate responses?
• Which molecule initiates the classical complement pathway?
• Which sample is primarily analyzed in serology to detect antibodies?
• What is the significance of endosomal acidification in antigen processing for MHC II?
• Diversity in CDR3 is primarily generated by which gene segments and junctions?
• Which cell type secretes large amounts of antibodies?
• IgD is present on the surface of B cells and plays a role in induction of antibody production. Which isotype is IgD?
• What are the two signals required for naive CD4+ T cell activation?
• Compared to constant regions, where are most amino acid differences between two IgG antibodies located, and which variable-region subregions are involved?
• What are the two key processes that occur in germinal centers to diversify antibody responses?
• After switching from μ to γ1, which DNA would be excised?
• What is the role of germinal centers in humoral immunity?
• What is the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity, and give an example ligand?
• Which description correctly characterizes Type III hypersensitivity?
• Which cells predominantly produce IL-17?
• What are the two main epitope types described?
• Which immunoglobulin is the first antibody produced?
• Which transcription factor is essential for T helper 1 differentiation and is activated by IL-12?
• How do pattern recognition receptors contribute to cytokine networks in early infection?
• If a B cell switches from IgM to IgG1, can it later revert to IgG3 or IgD?
• Which characteristic best describes memory B cells in secondary immune responses?
• What is the main innate immune cell activated by Type I interferons?
• Which vitamin is essential for maintaining mucosal barriers and supporting immune function via retinoic acid signaling?
• Which cells are primarily responsible for cross-presentation of extracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells?
• During the neutrophil respiratory burst, which species is directly produced by NADPH oxidase?
• Switch regions in Ig heavy chain locus are best described as:
• Which cytokine primarily promotes Th2 differentiation and humoral immunity?
• What are the main types of hypersensitivity and an example of each?
• Which adhesion molecule binds to ICAM-1?
• In MHC class II antigen processing, which component is most directly responsible for promoting exchange of CLIP for antigenic peptide in endosomes?
• A Th1-skewed immune response is most associated with which of the following features?
• Secreted IgA is typically a dimer and is distributed to serum, nasal secretions, saliva, breast milk, and bowel fluid; breast milk protects the gastrointestinal tract. Which isotype is this?
• L-selectin binds to which ligands?
• What is the role of dendritic cells in initiating adaptive immunity?
• Which statement about Cδ production on naive B cells?
• Which enzyme adds non-templated N nucleotides at junctions during V(D)J recombination?
• Which statement best describes the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in innate immunity?
• What does the germline configuration of the Ig variable region genes look like in all cells except mature B-cells?
• Affinity maturation results from which process?
• Which gene is mutated in X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
• What happens during somatic recombination and somatic hypermutation? Where and when do each occur?
• Which chemokine guides T and B cells to lymph nodes?
• What provides the costimulatory signal in naive CD4+ T cell activation?
• How do vaccines generate protective immunity, and what is the role of adjuvants?
• Define clonal expansion and affinity maturation in B cell responses.
• Which sequence correctly describes antigen processing for MHC class I presentation?
• Which immune cells are the major producers of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in early immune responses?
• Peripheral tolerance refers to mechanisms that prevent self-reactivity in tissues, including:
• CD2 (LFA-2) binds to which molecule?
• Which chain confers the antibody's isotype?
• AID is required for which B cell processes?
• Which enzyme initiates somatic hypermutation in B cells?
• What is the main immunoglobulin produced during primary antibody responses?
• Which mechanism accounts for the additional diversity at the antigen-binding site through junctional rearrangements?
• In transplantation, how does MHC (HLA) compatibility affect graft rejection?
• How do immunogenic and tolerogenic antigens differ?
• Which molecule prevents premature binding of peptides to MHC class II during processing?
• What is ELISA and what is it used for?
• Engagement of receptors such as mannose receptor, CR3, CR4, or scavenger receptor initiates which mechanism in a phagocyte?
• Which response is produced in a cell targeted by an NK cell?
• Describe the general steps of antigen processing for MHC class II presentation.
• What is the general term for the five products transcribed as a result of TLR-4 recognition?
• Somatic hypermutation is catalyzed by which enzyme, and what is the consequence?
• Explain the role of interferons in antiviral immunity.
• Which immune process restores tolerance in B cells by altering the light chain to reduce autoreactivity?
• What is immune tolerance and where does central tolerance occur?
• What is the function of B cell receptor signaling in activation?
• Which antibody is most abundant in secondary immune responses and can fix complement?
• Which zone in a lymph node is primarily populated by B cells?
• Define clonal selection theory and its main implication for immunology.
• Differentiate MHC class I and class II in terms of peptide origin, presenting cell type, and T cell recognition.
• Type II interferon gamma is produced in response to which infections?
• Which gene segments need to come together to make a functional gene for the variable region in B-cells for heavy and light chains?
• Which chemokine is primarily associated with guiding B cells to lymphoid follicles?
• GALT and MALT coordinate immune defenses at mucosal surfaces with specialized B and T cell responses and production of which antibody?
• What is the role of clonal deletion and receptor editing in B cell tolerance?
• IgM is pentameric and distributed in the blood; it is produced early in the immune response. Which isotype is this?
• TLR-4 recognition transcribes five genes; which set lists these genes correctly?
• What are the two IgA subclasses in humans?
• Which cytokine recruits neutrophils and promotes inflammation?
• Which statement best distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
• Which transcription factor drives Th17 differentiation?
• What is the structure and function of a ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase in T cell receptor signaling?
• What is the 'danger model' of immunity?
• IgG subclass concept: Which statement is true?
• Explain the three complement pathways and a key feature of each.
• Which combination of cytokines promotes Th1 vs Th2 differentiation?
• Pattern recognition receptors detect PAMPs and DAMPs. Name two families of PRRs and provide examples.
• IgE is associated with immunity to parasites and allergic reactions such as pollinosis. Which isotype is IgE?
• Medulla of the lymph node contains which cells?
• Which cell type is most directly activated by IFN-γ to enhance microbicidal activity?
• Name two immunodeficiencies that illustrate humoral vs cellular immune defects.
• Which organ contains the white pulp with the PALS T cell–rich region around central arterioles?
• Which molecule is produced from superoxide by the action of superoxide dismutase during the respiratory burst?
• Affinity measures the strength of binding between an antibody and antigen and is most accurately indicated by which parameter?
• What does the germline configuration of the TCR variable region genes look like in all cells except mature T-cells?
• What is the role of IL-2 in T cell biology?
• Which option correctly identifies the receptor family that includes TLRs, RLRs, and NLRs?
• Outline the role of TAP1 and TAP2 in antigen processing for MHC I.
• What term describes non-reactivity to self-antigens that prevents autoimmunity?
• In MHC class II antigen processing, what is the role of CLIP?
• Which statement describes the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?
• Describe the main functional difference between innate and adaptive immunity and provide an example of each.
• Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) primarily serves to what?
• Which immunoglobulin isotypes are co-expressed on the surface of mature naive B cells?
• What explains why C delta does not require a switch region for expression?
• What is the role of CD28 in T cell activation?
• Which statement about T cell costimulation is correct?
• Which enzyme is involved in both somatic hypermutation and isotype switching?
• Affinity maturation occurs in which location?
• What does antibody neutralization entail?
• What does CDR stand for, and where are HV regions located within the antibody structure?
• Somatic hypermutation occurs when and what does it affect?
• How do memory B and T cells differ from naive cells in terms of response speed and magnitude upon re-exposure?
• Distinguish the roles of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors in antigen recognition.
• Name the three pathways of complement activation.
• Explain somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination and where they occur.
• Know the two effector functions of NK cells.
• Are the antigen-binding sites on surface IgM and IgD the same, and how can both be expressed on the surface simultaneously?
• What does RSS stand for in V(D)J recombination, and what is its role?
• Do light chains have isotypes? If so, what are they and can an antibody have both light-chain isotypes?
• What is the primary function of T follicular helper cells (Tfh) in the germinal center?
• If NK cells outnumber dendritic cells, what happens to the dendritic cells?
• Secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces mainly functions to?
• What happens when a membrane BCR becomes a secreted antibody?
• Which statement best describes the function of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and provide examples?
• Explain immune checkpoint inhibition and mention two molecules involved.
• Which statement about marginal zones and PALS in the spleen is correct?
• Naive B cells express IgM and IgD via which mechanism?
• What is the role of GALT and MALT in mucosal immunity?
• Which statement about isotype switching is true?
• What is the function of memory B cells compared to plasma cells?
• In a given antibody, are the two heavy chains identical to each other, and are the two light chains identical to each other?
• Which immunoglobulin class is produced first during a typical antibody response?
• Which sequence best describes antigen processing for MHC class II presentation?
• What are the different isotypes of heavy chains and light chains?
• What is the primary function of the constant regions of antibodies?
• Which statement correctly describes Type I interferons?
• Which cell type is a primary producer of Type I interferons?
• What holds the four chains of an antibody together?
• Which function best describes dendritic cells in initiating adaptive immunity?
• Which cytokine profile best defines a Th1 response?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing large quantities of antibody during an active immune response?
• Which statement best describes the CD40-CD40L interaction in B cell activation?
• Which statement about Th2 differentiation is correct?
• Which molecule presents endogenous peptides to CD8+ T cells?
• Name two transcription factors central to Th17 and Treg differentiation and their associated cytokines.
• Which statement differentiates memory B cells from plasma cells?
• CSR functional consequence?
• What is the role of mucosal immunity in barrier defense?
• What is the first step of leukocyte extravasation?
• Which immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions are typically produced by CSR rather than RNA splicing?
• Which mechanisms contribute to antibody diversity at the antigen-binding site?
• Which target do NK cells typically fight?
• Which cell type expresses CD40L to activate B cells?
• What is flow cytometry used for in immunology?
• Which cytokine is anti-inflammatory and helps regulate immune responses?
• Which component is NOT found in neutrophil secondary (specific) granules?
• Which antibody is the main circulating antibody that can cross the placenta and protect a newborn?
• Which immunoglobulin isotype is prominently produced in mucosal immunity, including IgA production?
• Type II hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by antibodies of which isotypes?
• Which statement correctly describes the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?
• Which statement best describes ELISA in the context of immunology testing?
• Which two cell types are enriched in the splenic marginal zone?
• Which effector cell primarily mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
• What is the significance of the spleen’s white pulp PALS?
• Which type of neutrophil granule contains gelatinase?
• Which antibody isotype is primarily responsible for placental transfer?
• When TLRs are engaged on macrophages, which mechanism is initiated?
• What does the 12/23 rule govern in V(D)J recombination?
• Know what neutrophils do and their hematopoietic lineage. Which sequence correctly describes their development?
• Which immunoglobulin isotypes can cross the placenta to provide fetal immunity?
• The initiation of class switch recombination involves recombination between which genetic elements?
• What is allelic exclusion and how does it affect adaptive immune receptors?
• What is the basic premise of clonal selection theory?
• Which Ig constant region gene is expressed on naive B cells without a switch region, due to being produced by RNA splicing with μ?
• Which statement about memory B cells is true?
• Which statement correctly maps TLRs to their ligands?
• How many constant-region isotypes do heavy chains have?
• Which description best describes the TLR4 signaling mechanism?
• Define clonal anergy and clonal deletion.
• A Th2-dominated response is most associated with which cytokines and effects?
• Which antibody isotype specializes in mucosal immunity?
• Which cytokine promotes Th1 differentiation and activates macrophages?
• What is the primary role of regulatory T cells in immune homeostasis?
• Which statement best describes the function of regulatory T cells?
• Which of the following changes are permanent DNA-level changes in B cell maturation?
• Which antibody crosses the placenta best?
• An antibody is composed of how many chains and which types?
• Which condition is a classic example of Type II hypersensitivity?
• Which statement about Type I interferon forms in humans is correct?
• Which statement about Type IV hypersensitivity is correct?
• Explain the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the transcription factor involved.
• How do cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill target cells?
• Which immunoglobulin is typically produced first during a primary immune response?
• What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in innate immunity?
• How do MHC class II molecules present peptides and to which T cells?
• Which cytokine does an NK cell secrete to activate macrophages?
• Which molecule among the following is a chemokine associated with neutrophil attraction and is listed among the TLR4-induced genes?
• Which immune mechanism is most associated with memory formation in adaptive immunity?
• Besides direct neutralization and ADCC, which other antibody-mediated mechanism contributes to viral clearance?
• How do memory responses differ from primary responses in terms of speed and magnitude?
• When NK cells are outnumbered by dendritic cells, what do NK cells signal dendritic cells to do?
• SCID is often due to defects in which genes?
• In the TLR4 signaling pathway, which adaptor protein is involved in transmitting signals leading to NF-κB activation?
• Which transcription factor promotes regulatory T cell development and function?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for presenting antigen to naïve T cells in lymph nodes?
• High endothelial venules (HEVs) bring naive lymphocytes into lymph nodes.
• Distinguish opsonization versus neutralization.
• Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) involves which effector cells primarily, and what receptor mediates recognition?
• What is serology versus cellular immunity assays?
• Which cells express MHC class II?
• Which combination represents a direct antibody-mediated mechanism to neutralize viral infections?
• How do MHC class I molecules present peptides and to which T cells?
• Which CDRs are present in the immunoglobulin variable region?
• Which statement about RAG1 and RAG2 is correct?
• Where are autoreactive T cells primarily deleted during central tolerance?
• How many IgA subclasses exist in humans?
• Arrange the steps of leukocyte extravasation in their correct order.
• Which statement correctly describes a common downstream event shared by all three complement pathways?
• The marginal zone contains specialized B cells and macrophages that rapidly respond to which type of pathogens?
• The splenic marginal zone is especially effective against which type of pathogens?
• Which statement best contrasts live attenuated vaccines with inactivated vaccines in terms of durability and safety?
• How many IgG subclasses exist in humans?
• Where are HV and CDR located within the antibody structure?
• Central tolerance occurs via deletion of self-reactive clones in which location?
• What is the significance of MHC polymorphism in immune responses?
• What best distinguishes cytokines from chemokines?
• What is the role of the complement system in immunity?
• What are the main effector functions of complement component C3b?
• Which immunoglobulin isotype cannot be produced by class switch recombination because it lacks a switch region?